BOTTOM - The Bottom of a Graph
We will use the following (standard) definitions from graph theory. Let $V$ be a nonempty and finite set, its elements being called vertices (or nodes). Let $E$ be a subset of the Cartesian product $V \times V$, its elements being called edges. Then $G = (V, E)$ is called a directed graph.
Let $n$ be a positive integer, and let $p = (e_1, \ldots, e_n)$ be a sequence of length $n$ of edges $e_i \in E$ such that $e_i = (v_i, v_{i+1})$ for a sequence of vertices ($v_1, \ldots, v_{n+1}$). Then $p$ is called a path from vertex $v_1$ to vertex $v_{n+1}$ in $G$ and we say that $v_{n+1}$ is reachable from $v_1$, writing $(v_1 \to v_{n+1})$.
Here are some new definitions. A node $v$ in a graph $G = (V, E)$ is called a sink, if for every node $w$ in $G$ that is reachable from $v$, $v$ is also reachable from $w$. The bottom of a graph is the subset of all nodes that are sinks, i.e., $\mathrm{bottom}(G) = \{v \in V \mid \forall w \in V : (v \to w) \Rightarrow (w \to v) \}$. You have to calculate the bottom of certain graphs.
Input Specification
The input contains several test cases, each of which corresponds to a directed graph $G$. Each test case starts with an integer number $v$, denoting the number of vertices of $G = (V, E)$, where the vertices will be identified by the integer numbers in the set $V = \{1, \ldots, v\}$. You may assume that $1 \le v \le 5000$. That is followed by a non-negative integer $e$ and, thereafter, $e$ pairs of vertex identifiers $v_1, w_1, \ldots, v_e, w_e$ with the meaning that $(v_i, w_i) \in E$. There are no edges other than specified by these pairs. The last test case is followed by a zero.
Output Specification
For each test case output the bottom of the specified graph on a single line. To this end, print the numbers of all nodes that are sinks in sorted order separated by a single space character. If the bottom is empty, print an empty line.
Sample Input
3 3 1 3 2 3 3 1 2 1 1 2 0
Sample Output
1 3 2
hide comments
evang12:
2022-01-10 02:26:24
For those who used Kosoraju's algorithm: what are the reasons that you didn't use Tarjan's algorithm? I'm new to SCCs, so any response I get would be appreciated. |
|
lakshya1st:
2021-05-17 15:45:06
Same as CAPCITY only difference is print all SCC's with outdegree 0..!! :) |
|
s_tank00_:
2020-10-21 13:50:09
@flyingduchman_ thank you for the help |
|
s_tank00_:
2020-10-21 12:15:15
https://vjudge.net/problem/POJ-2553 for clear question |
|
utkarshgupta29:
2020-05-25 10:17:20
If you are getting TLE using JAVA then try using FAST IO and StringBuffer |
|
luciferhell58:
2020-05-09 12:28:53
learnt a big lesson hashSet isn't automatically sorted :) |
|
luciferhell58:
2020-05-09 12:04:26
is there something different for ouptut thing i am getting wrong answer for every case. |
|
wittystranger:
2020-05-07 01:53:44
don't forget to sort the output.. costed me WA |
|
vinty:
2020-03-27 14:28:48
So we have to find all the components(SCC) from which there are no outgoing edges. Correct me if I am wrong. |
|
great_coder1:
2019-03-29 12:30:30
Getting tle i am only implementing kosaraju' algo. Please help me |
Added by: | Wanderley Guimarăes |
Date: | 2007-09-21 |
Time limit: | 1s |
Source limit: | 50000B |
Memory limit: | 1536MB |
Cluster: | Cube (Intel G860) |
Languages: | All except: ERL JS-RHINO |
Resource: | University of Ulm Local Contest 2003 |